Presbyopia is the gradual loss of the eye's ability to adapt to close objects with increasing age. In the young eye, the refractive power is adjusted by shaping the elastic eye lens through the ciliary muscle.

Visual Acuity At different levels of Contrast and Ambient Luminance - Clinical visual acuity assessment is performed with maximum optotype contrast within a very narrow luminance range (80-320 cd/m²), barely reflecting patients’ visual capabilities in daily life.

Only 10-12 percent of crosswalks in Germany are equipped with traffic lights with acoustic or tactile signals, which make the red and green phases recognizable for the visually impaired.

Optical illusions, tricking our visual system, allow us to study the process of our perception of the world, or like the Czech physiologist J. E. Purkinje said: “Illusions of the senses tell us the truth about perception”.

Thirty years from now, half of the world’s population is predicted to be myopic, and approximately 10 % might have myopia of more than -5 D.

Effects of visual environment during nearwork on retinal responses and accommodation system

In transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES), the eye is stimulated with weak electrical currents via a DTL electrode placed in the lower eyelid.

One current evidence-based method to control myopia progression in children is the use of atropine, a non-selective muscarinic antagonist.